international_law @ ウィキ
http://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/
international_law @ ウィキja2010-01-29T09:00:41+09:001264723241メニュー
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/2.html
*(International Law)
-[[トップページ]]
-[[About the website]]
-[[Int'l Society and Int'l Law]]
**Treaty
-[[Four Conditions of Valid Conclusion for Treaty]]
-[[Name of Agreements]]
-[[Procedure of Concluding Treaty]]
-[[Treaty That Requires an Approval of the Diet of Japan]]
**Custom
-[[Formation of Customary Law]]
-[[Terms]]
-[[References]]
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**Jurist
-[[Jean Bodin]]
-[[Hugo Grotius]]
-[[Henry Wheaton]]
-[[Heinrich Triepel]]
-[[Dionisio Anzilotti]]
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**Books
-[[On the Law of War and Peace]]
-[[Elements of International Law]]
-[[Six Books of the Commonwealth]]
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**Abbreviations
-[[Abbreviations&Acronyms]]
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**リンク
-[[国際連合憲章>http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0]]
-[[Charter of the United Nations>http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/]]
-[[STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE>http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0&PHPSESSID=4d96f9e38707b21637c41f96da167c01]]
-[[Rules of Court(ICJ)>http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=3&p3=0]]
-[[条約法に関するウィーン条約>http://avatoli.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/mt/19690523.T1J.html]]
-[[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties>http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf]]
-[[ウェストファリア条約>http://www.h4.dion.ne.jp/~room4me/docs/westph.htm]]
-[[Peace of Westphalia>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westphal.asp]]
-[[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide>http://www.un.org/millennium/law/iv-1.htm]]
-[[On the Law of War and Peace>http://www.constitution.org/gro/djbp.htm]]
-[[The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community(Rome Treaty)>http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Treaty_establishing_the_European_Economic_Community_(EEC)]]
-[[条約に関する国家承継に関するウィーン条約 (not available)>]]
-[[Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties>http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/3_2_1978.pdf]]
-[[国家の財産、公文書及び債務についての国家承継に関するウィーン条約(国家財産等承継条約)(not available)>]]
-[[The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts>http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/3_3_1983.pdf]]
-[[モンテビデオ条約 (1933年)>http://tokyo.cool.ne.jp/ysdiplomat/il11.htm]]
-[[モンテビデオ条約 (1933年)>http://itl.irkb.jp/il/gLegalPerson.html]]
-[[Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States>http://www.taiwandocuments.org/montevideo01.htm]]
-[[国連国際法委員会>http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm]]
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2010-01-29T09:00:41+09:001264723241Dionisio Anzilotti
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/37.html
*Dionisio Anzilotti
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Dionisio Anzilotti (1869 – 1950) was an Italian jurist and judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice.
After law studies in Pisa, Anzilotti taught international law in Florence, Palermo, Bologna and Rome from 1892 to 1937. One of the main proponents of Heinrich Triepel's theory of dualism, his textbook of international law, Corso di diritto internazionale. Vol. I: Introduzione e teorie generali (3d. ed. 1928) was translated into several languages.
Anzilotti was the secretary-general of the League of Nations expert commission preparing the Permanent Court of International Justice. He was a member of that court from 1921 to 1946 and presided it 1928-30. Notably, in the 1923 "Wimbledon case", he was the only PCIJ judge to ever vote against a suit brought by the government of his own country.
2010-01-14T09:46:09+09:001263429969Heinrich Triepel
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/36.html
*Heinrich Triepel
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Heinrich Triepel published the book "International law and municipal law" in 1899 to discuss more on the relationship between international law and municipal law. A dualist conception of international and municipal law was thereby established and soon a controversial discussion was started with the participation of German, Austrian, and Italian jurists.
----
Reference:
International law and municipal law: proceedings of the German-Soviet Colloquy on International Law at the Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, 4 to 8 May 1987
2010-01-14T09:42:39+09:0012634297592-Kokusaihou heno tyousenn
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/34.html
2010-01-13T07:40:55+09:0012633360553-Kokusaihou no houetki seishitu
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/35.html
2010-01-13T07:40:26+09:0012633360261-Kindai Kokusaihou
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/33.html
2010-01-13T07:39:56+09:0012633359964-Kokusaihou no hougen
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/31.html
2010-01-13T07:28:32+09:001263335312jus cogens
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/32.html
Peremptory norm
A peremptory norm (also called jus cogens or ius cogens, Latin for "compelling law") is a fundamental principle of international law which is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is ever permitted.
There is no clear agreement regarding precisely which norms are jus cogens nor how a norm reaches that status, but it is generally accepted that jus cogens includes the prohibition of genocide, maritime piracy, slaving in general (to include slavery as well as the slave trade), torture, and wars of aggression and territorial aggrandizement.
Status of peremptory norms under international law
Unlike ordinary customary law, which has traditionally required consent and allows the alteration of its obligations between states through treaties, peremptory norms cannot be violated by any state "through international treaties or local or special customs or even general customary rules not endowed with the same normative force".
Under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, any treaty that conflicts with a peremptory norm is void.The treaty allows for the emergence of new peremptory norms,but does not specify any peremptory norms. It does mention the prohibition on the threat of use of force and on the use of coercion to conclude an agreement:
"A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law. For the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of states as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character."
The number of peremptory norms is considered limited but not exclusively catalogued. They are not listed or defined by any authoritative body, but arise out of case law and changing social and political attitudes. Generally included are prohibitions on waging aggressive war, crimes against humanity, war crimes, maritime piracy, genocide, apartheid, slavery, and torture.
Despite the seemingly clear weight of condemnation of such practices, some critics disagree with the division of international legal norms into a hierarchy. There is also disagreement over how such norms are recognized or established. The relatively new concept of peremptory norms seems to be at odds with the traditionally consensual nature of international law considered necessary to state sovereignty.
Some peremptory norms define criminal offences which are considered to be enforceable against not only states, but individuals as well. This has been increasingly accepted since the Nuremberg Trials (the first enforcement in world history of international norms upon individuals) and now might be considered uncontroversial. However, the language of peremptory norms was not used in connection with these trials - rather the basis of criminalisation and punishment of Nazi atrocities was that civilisation could not tolerate their being ignored, because it could not survive their being repeated.
There are often disagreements over whether a particular case violates a peremptory norm. As in other areas of law, states generally reserve the right to interpret the concept for themselves.
Examples
Execution of juvenile offenders
The case of Michael Domingues v. United States provides an example of an international body's opinion that a particular norm is of a jus cogens nature. Michael Domingues had been convicted and sentenced to death in Nevada, United States for two murders committed when he was 16 years old. Domingues brought the case in front of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights which delivered a non-legally binding report.The United States argued that there was no jus cogens norm that "establishes eighteen years as the minimum age at which an offender can receive a sentence of death".The Commission concluded that there was a "jus cogens norm not to impose capital punishment on individuals who committed their crimes when they had not yet reached 18 years of age."The United States has subsequently banned the execution of juvenile offenders, although not necessarily in response to the above non-binding report (Roper v. Simmons).
Torture
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia stated in Prosecutor v. Furundžija that there is a jus cogens for the prohibition against torture.It also stated that every State is entitled "to investigate, prosecute and punish or extradite individuals accused of torture, who are present in a territory under its jurisdiction."Therefore, there is universal jurisdiction over torture. The rationale for this is that "the torturer has become, like the pirate and the slave trader before him, hostis humani generis, an enemy of all mankind."Further to this, there is no allowance for states to make reservations to the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Torture, and the Convention is considered to bind all states, not just those party to it.
2010-01-13T04:41:51+09:001263325311Terms
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/19.html
*International Law Terms
**A
**B
**C
**D
**E
**F
**G
**H
**I
**J
-[[jus cogens]]
**K
**L
**M
**N
**O
**P
-[[Pacta Sunt Servanda]]
-[[Practice of State]]
**Q
**R
**S
**T
**U
**V
**W
**X
**Y
**Z
2010-01-13T04:39:48+09:001263325188Questions
https://w.atwiki.jp/international_law/pages/30.html
*Questions of International Law
-1、近代国際法
国際法の成立について。
類題
国際法思想史におけるグロチュース、ホッブス、ブーフェンドルフの意義(三者又は任意の二者の関係をろんじてもよく、一人だけ選んで論じてもよい)。
-2、国際法への挑戦
発展途上国の立場から『現在の国際法』について批判しなさい。
類題
いわゆる第三世界の諸民族の国際法に対する態度。
-3、国際法の法的性質
国際法と強制の関係について。
類題
国際法の法的性質。
-4、国際法の法源
国際慣習法の成立と国際連合議決の役割(司法'94)
類題
・国際法の法源について述べよ。
・国連総会決議の法的効果について述べよ。
・国際連合の主要機関が国際法の形成に果たす役割について述べよ。
-5、法の一般原則の法源性
国際司法裁判所(International Court of Justice 以下 ICJ)規程38条1項は、。ICJは『付託される紛争を国際法に従って裁判することを任務とし、次のものを適用する』として、aで条約、bで国際慣習法を揚げたあと、cで『文明国が認めた法の一般原則』をあげている。このように、法の一般原則が裁判規定(『裁判基準』、『裁判準則』といった言葉も使われる)としてあげられているのは、法の一般原則が国際法第3の法源であることを意味するのであろうか。
-6、強制法規
国際法における強制法規と国連憲章第103条
類題
国連憲章上の義務の優越と国際法上のユース・コーゲンスとの関係。
-7、法典化
国際法の法典化
類題
国際法の法典化について述べよ。
-8、一般法と特別法
国際法における一般法と特別法の効力関係について論ぜよ。(司法'88)
-9、二元論
国際法と国内法の関係について二元論の主張を論評せよ。
類題
国際法と国内法との関係に関する二元論
-10、国際法主体性
国会外の国際法主体につき論ぜよ。
類題
国際連合の法人格(司法'83)
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2009-03-25T20:42:39+09:001237981359